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①霍斯金斯直接影响了学者们对第二次世界大战后英国新地方史的界定与认知。一般认为英国新地方史有如下四大特征：第一，它聚焦于普遍关注的综合性议题；第三，它注重发掘利用各种史料，既利用文献史料也利用物质史料，后者包括景观、建筑、人工制品等实体史料；第三，它开掘出多种研究技艺(既有定性的也有定量的)；第四，它利用多种研究方法解释资料，这一进路既可能来自对景观证据的分析，也可能来自对人口统计学模型、投票行为或社会结构的分析。参见John Beckett,Writing Local History,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2007,pp.2-3; Kate Tiller,”The VCH:Past,Present and Future,” The Historian,Vol.42(1994),p.18.

②霍斯金斯的获颁勋章语为“for his services to local history”，这是该勋章历史上第一次颁给一位地方史家，也是第一次出现勋章引语。参见Joan Thirsk,”William George Hoskins,1908-1992,” Proceedings of the British Academy,Vol.87(1994),p.352.

③Alan Everitt,”Founders:W.G.Hoskins,” Landscapes,Vol.5,no.1(2004),p.6.

④D.L.Wykes,”Professor William George Hoskins(1908-1992) and the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.168.

⑤高岱：《威廉·霍斯金斯与景观史研究》，《学术研究》2017年第12期。国内学界此前在介绍英国地方史、景观史时曾论及霍斯金斯，尤以徐浩为代表。参见徐浩：《英国经济—社会史研究：理论与实践》，侯建新主编《经济—社会史：历史研究的新方向》，商务印书馆2002年版，第84页；徐浩、侯建新：《当代西方史学流派》，****大学出版社2009年版，第363、376页；孙昊：《英国地方史研究中的莱斯特学派》，《史学理论研究》2006年第2期；于沛、郭小凌、徐浩：《西方史学史》，高等教育出版社2011年版，第278-279页等。笔者亦曾撰文介绍过霍斯金斯对英国地方史研究与学科发展所做的贡献。参见姜启舟：《威廉·乔治·霍斯金斯与英国地方史研究》，《史学理论研究》2013年第1期。

⑥W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格兰景观的形成》，梅雪芹、刘梦霏译，商务印书馆2018年版。

⑦参见姜芃：《霍布斯鲍姆与新社会史》，《史学理论丛书》编辑部编《八十年代的西方史学》，**社会科学出版社1990年版，第256-275页；姜芃：《英国新社会史及其在**的回响》，鲍绍霖等编《西方史学的东方回响》，社会科学文献出版社2001年版，第126-174页；徐浩、侯建新：《当代西方史学流派》，第128-139页；俞金尧：《书写**大众的历史：社会史学的研究传统及其范式转换》，《**社会科学》2011年第3期；刘耀辉：《罗德尼·希尔顿的中世纪社会研究》，《史学理论研究》2019年第1期等。

⑧梁民愫：《英国新社会史**的兴起及其整体社会史研究的国际反响》，《史学月刊》2006年第2期。

⑨屈威廉该书1942年在美国和加拿大出版(本文所引版本)，1944年在英国出版。参见G.M.Trevelyan,English Social History,New York,Toronto and London:Longmans,1942/1944.

⑩Anthony Fletcher,”‘englandpast.net’:A Framework for the Social History of England,” Historical Research,Vol.75,no.189(Aug.2002),p.298.

(11)虽然“社会史这一术语一直难以界定”(霍布斯鲍姆语)，国内外学界对新社会史的定义也始终未能达成一致，但新社会史所展现出的一些基本理念还是得到了大部分学者的认同，即从下往上看的视角、注重普通人集团的历史，注重整体的历史观，注重研究领域的扩大和学科间的交叉。参见E.J.Hob**awm,”From Social History to the History of Society,” Daedalus,Vol.100,no.1(Win.,1971),p.20；徐浩、侯建新：《当代西方史学流派》，第128-139页。

(12)梁民愫：《英国新社会史**的兴起及其整体社会史研究的国际反响》，《史学月刊》2006年第2期。

(13)哈罗德·T.帕克：《英国》，伊格尔斯主编《历史研究国际手册》，陈海宏、刘文涛等译，华夏出版社1989年版，第260页。

(14)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,London:Longmans,1959,p.3.

(15)H.M.Cam,”The Review of The Victoria History of the Counties of England.Rutland.Vol.ii by William Page; Sussex.Vol.iii,1935; Vol.ix,1937.Northampton.Vol.iv,1937 by L.F.Salzman,” The English Historical Review,Vol.53,no.211(Jul.,1938),pp.521-526.

(16)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.115.

(17)John Beckett,”Local history,Family History and the Victoria County History:New Directions for the Twenty-first Century,” Historical Research,Vol.81,no.212(May,2008),p.355.

(18)W.G.Hoskins,”The Writing of Local History,” History Today,Vol.2,no.7(Jul.,1952),p.489.

(19)W.G.Hoskins,”English Provincial Towns in the Early Six**th Century,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.6(1956),p.1.

(20)W.G.Hoskins,”The Writing of Local History,” History Today,Vol.2,no.7(Jul.,1952),p.487.

(21)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.12.

(22)David Meredith,”W.G.Hoskins:A Bibliography,” in C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden eds.,Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins,London:Longman,1974,pp.343-344.

(23)W.G.Hoskins,”The Leicestershire Farmer in the Six**th Century,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.22(1941-1942),pp.33-94.

(24)W.G.Hoskins,”An Elizabethan Butcher of Leicester,” in W.G.Hoskins,Essays in Leicestershire History,Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,1950,pp.108-122.

(25)W.G.Hoskins,Midland England:a survey of the country between the chilterns and the Trent,London:B.T.Batsford,1949.

(26)W.G.Hoskins,”English Provincial Towns in the Early Six**th Century,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.6(1956),p.19.

(27)W.G.Hoskins,The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village,London:Macmillan &Co LTD,1957.

(28)R.C.Richardson,”The Review of Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins by C.W.Chalklin and M.A.Havinden,” Social History,Vol.2,no.4(Jan.,1977),p.535.

(29)有学者认为，在霍斯金斯的影响下，地方史研究重心有了以下更迭：乡村及其田地取代了庄园、农民取代了领主、普罗大众取代了贵族家族、定居类型与人口波动取代了郡权力结构、职业结构与城市起源及比较发展取代了自治市。参见Charles Phythian-Adams,”Leicestershire and Rutland,” in C.R.J.Currie and C.P.Lewis eds.,English County Histories:A Guide,Stroud:Alan Sutton,1994,p.239.

(30)与其同时代的一位英国学者在20世纪50年代围绕法国大革命中的民众运动撰写了一篇博士论文，该文评论者、著名史家路易斯·纳米尔(Lewis Namier)却颇为尖锐地向作者问道：“你为何打扰这些土匪？”参见Richard Cobb,The Police and the People:French Popular Protest,1789-1820,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1970,p.81.

(31)Charles Phythian-Adams,”Hoskins’s England:A Local Historian of Genius and the Realisation of His Theme,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.145.

(32)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,” in R.C.Richardson ed.,The Changing Face of English Local History,London:Ashgate,2000,p.128.

(33)H.P.R.Finberg,”Local History,” in H.P.R.Finberg ed.,Approaches to History:A Symposium,London:Routledge &Kegan Paul,1962,p.114.

(34)C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden,”W.G.Hoskins:An Appreciation,” in C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden eds.,Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins,p.xix.

(35)姜启舟：《威廉·乔治·霍斯金斯与英国地方史研究》，《史学理论研究》2013年第1期。

(36)Harold Perkin,”Social History in Britain,” Journal of Social History,Vol.10,no.2(Win.,1976),p.134.

(37)H.J.Perkin,”Social History,” in H.P.R.Finberg ed.,Approaches to History:A Symposium,pp.61,55.

(38)姜芃：《**社会史的发展与英国新社会史：若干比较与思考》，《史学理论研究》1994年第1期。

(39)俞金尧：《书写**大众的历史：社会史学的研究传统及其范式转换》，《**社会科学》2011年第3期。

(40)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.7.

(41)W.G.Hoskins,Industry,Trade and People in Exeter,1688-1800,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1935.

(42)R.C.Richardson,”The Review of Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins by C.W.Chalklin and M.A.Havinden,” Social History,Vol.2,no.4(Jan.,1977),p.535.

(43)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,pp.37-152.

(44)W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格兰景观的形成》，第3页。

(45)Peter Burke,”The Review of Societies,Cultures and Kinship,1580-1850:Cultural Provinces and English Local History by Charles Phythian-Adams,” Man,Vol.29,no.3(Sept.,1994),p.748.

(46)Department of English local History Archive,”The Pleasure and Pains of the Local Historian.A Personal Occasion-a Farewell Lecture,”转引自Charles Phythian-Adams,”Hoskins’s England:A Local Historian of Genius and the Realisation of His Theme,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.145.

(47)M.W.Beresford,”The Review of The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village by W.G.Hoskins,” The Economic History Review,Vol.11,no.1(1958),p.155.

(48)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),pp.165-191.

(49)R.B.Pugh,”Editorial Note,” in W.G.Hoskins ed.,The Victoria County History of the County of Leicester,Vol.II,London:Oxford University Press,1954,p.xiii.

(50)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),p.168.

(51)Charles Phythian-Adams,”Leicestershire and Rutland,” in C.R.J.Currie and C.P.Lewis eds.,English Country Histories:A Guide.p.241.

(52)Christopher Dyer et al.,”Introduction:Local History in the Twenty-first Century,” in Christopher Dyer et al.eds.,New Directions in Local History since Hoskins,Hatfield:University of Hertfordshire Press,2011,p.9.

(53)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,”inR.C.Richardson eds.,The Changing Face of English Local History,p.137.

(54)John Beckett,”Local history,Family History and the Victoria County History:New Directions for the Twenty-first Century,” Historical Research,Vol.81,no.212(May,2008),p.356.

(55)Harold Perkin,”Social History in Britain,” Journal of Social History,Vol.10,no.2(Win.,1976),p.134.

(56)徐浩、侯建新：《当代西方史学流派》，第137页。

(57)R.E.Gallman,”Some Notes on the New Social History,” The Journal of Economic History,Vol.37,no.1( Mar.,1977),p.9.

(58)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.109.

(59)G.M.Trevelyan,English Social History,p.vii.

(60)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.105.

(61)霍斯金斯不仅熟知法国年鉴学派，而且受其早期研究路径影响颇深。参见John Beckett,”Local History,Family History and the Victoria County History:New Directions for the Twenty-first Century,” Historical Research,Vol.81,no.212(May,2008),p.355.

(62)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,” in R.C.Richardson eds.,The Changing Face of English Local History,p.138.

(63)这是布里格斯在主编《英格兰社会与经济史》丛书所写引言中表达的观点。参见Asa Briggs,”Introductory Note,” in H.R.Loyn,Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest,London:Longmans,1962,pp.vii-viii.

(64)R.C.Richardson,”The Review of Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-1800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins by C.W.Chalklin and M.A.Havinden,” Social History,Vol.2,no.4(Jan.,1977),p.535.

(65)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.109.

(66)W.G.Hoskins,The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village,p.xxii.

(67)于沛、郭小凌、徐浩：《西方史学史》，第278页。

(68)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins,the Victoria County History,and the Study of English Local History,” Midland History,Vol.36,no.1(Spr.,2011),p.121.

(69)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,pp.26-36; Charles Phythian-Adams,”Hoskins’s England:A Local Historian of Genius and the Realisation of His Theme,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.66(1992),p.144.

(70)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),p.174.

(71)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.2.

(72)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins and the Victoria County History in Leicestershire,” Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society,Vol.85(2011),p.187.

(73)F.G.Emmison,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The Antiquaries Journal,Vol.40,no.1-2(Apr.,1960),p.92.

(74)Maurice Beresford,”Professor W.G.Hoskins-A Memoir,” The Agricultural History Review,Vol.40,no.2(1992),p.164.

(75)W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格兰景观的形成》，第1页。

(76)W.G.霍斯金斯：《英格兰景观的形成》，第16页。

(77)John Beckett,Writing Local History,p.108.

(78)W.G.Hoskins,”English Local History:The Past and the Future,” in R.C.Richardson eds.,The Chonging Face of English Local History,p.136.

(79)Raphael Samuel et al.,”What is Social History?” in Juliet Gardiner ed.,What is History Today…?,Basingstoke:Macmillan,1988,p.44.

(80)Peter Burke,”Overture.The New History:Its Past and its Future,” in Peter Burke ed.,New Perspectives on Historical Writing,University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,2001,p.11.

(81)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.7.

(82)Charles Phythian-Adams,”English Local History:Some Current Approaches Appraised,” Acadiensis,Vol.5,no.1(Aut.,1975),p.117.

(83)约翰·托什：《史学导论》，吴英译，北京大学出版社2007年版，第119页。

(84)H.J.Perkin,”social History,” in H.P.R.Finberg eds.,Approaches to History:A Symposium,p.51.

(85)E.J.Hob**awm,”From Social History to the History of Society,” Daedalus,Vol.100,no.1(Win.,1971),p.21.

(86)W.G.Hoskins,”The Ownership and Occupation of the Land in Devonshire,1650-1800,” PhD Thesis,University of London,1938.

(87)C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden,”Introduction,” in C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden eds.,Rural Change and ** Growth,1500-4800:Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins,p.xv.

(88)有学者认为屈威廉将经济史和政治史均排除于社会史的研究范围之外。虽然此观点不一定准确，但屈威廉确实更注重社会史对经济史的价值，即“没有社会史，经济史是贫瘠的”。参见张永华：《20世纪70年代以来英国史学研究中的新情况和新问题》，陈启能主编《二战后欧美史学的新发展》，山东大学出版社2005年版，第401-402页；G.M.Trevelyan,English Social History,p.vii.

(89)Christopher Dyer et al.,”Introduction:Local History in the Twenty-first Century,” in Christopher Dyer et al.eds.,New Directions in Local History since Hoskins,p.7.

(90)W.T.MacCaffrey,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The American Historical Review,Vol.65,no.4(Jul.1960),p.880.

(91)霍斯金斯同时坦言不是认为城市**史、政治史不重要，而是它们已获足够重视。参见W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,p.71.

(92)W.G.Hoskins,Local History in England,pp.93-105.

(93)霍斯金斯该书立基于其30多年的研究与教学经验、在英国各处围绕此主题的演讲及其收到的数百封咨询信件；另外，《美国历史评论》《英国历史评论》等主流史学期刊在该书出版后均发表了书评，予以引介与高度评价，参见W.T.MacCaffrey,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The American Historical Review,Vol.65,no.4(Jul.,1960),pp.879-880; Philip Styles,”The Review of Local History in England by W.G.Hoskins,” The English Historical Review,Vol.76,no.298(Jan.,1961),pp.190-191.

(94)R.A.Houston,”‘The Hard Rind of Legal History’:F.W.Maitland and the Writing of Late Medieval and Early Modern British Social History,” in Michael Lobban et al.eds.,Law,Lawyers and Litigants in Early Modern England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2019,p.66.

(95)John Beckett,”W.G.Hoskins,the Victoria County History,and the Study of English Local History,” Midland History,Vol.36,no.1(Spr.,2011),pp.120,127.

(96)Lawrence Stone,”English and United States Local History,” Daedalus,Vol.100,no.1(Win.,1971),p.128.

(97)Christopher Dyer et al.,”Introduction:Local History in the Twenty-first Century,” in Christopher Dyer et al.eds.,New Directions in Local Histony since Hoskins,p.7.

(98)J.H.Plumb,”Introduction,” in J.H.Plumb ed.,Studies in Social History:A Tribute to G.M.Trevelyan,London:Longmans,1955,p.xiv.

(99)霍斯金斯所提交文章，参见W.G.Hoskins,”An Elizabethan Provincial Town:Leicester,” in J.H.Plumb ed.,Studies in Social History:A Tribute to G.M.Trevelyan,pp.33-67.

(100)C.W.Chalkin and M.A.Havinden,”Introduction,” p.xv.

(101)Raphael Samuel et al.,”What is Social History?” p.43.

(102)H.J.Perkin,”Social History,” in H.P.R.Finberg ed.,Approach to History:A Symposium,p.51.

(103)R.C.Richardson,The Debate on the English Revolution,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1998,p.162.

(104)Christopher Dyer,”Rodney Howard Hilton,1916-2002,” Proceedings of the British Academy,Vol.130(2005),pp.57-58.

(105)R.H.Hilton,”Kibworth Harcourt-A Merton College Manor in the Thir**th and Four**th Centuries,” in W.G.Hoskins ed.,Studies in Leicestershire Agrarian History,Leicester:Leicestershire Archaeological Society,1949,p.17.

(106)杨豫：《西方史学史》，江西**出版社1993年版，第373、383页。

(107)E.J.Hob**awm,Industry and Empire:The Making of Modern English Society,Vol.II,New York:Pantheon Books,1968,p.317.

(108)爱德华·汤普森：《共有的习惯》，沈汉、王加丰译，上海**出版社2002年版，第122、186、138页。

(109)初庆东：《苏共**与英国共产**历史学家小组的嬗变》，《史学理论研究》2012年第2期。

(110)Christopher Hill,R.H.Hilton and E.J.Hob**awm,”Past and Present:Origins and Early Years,” Past &Present,no.100(Aug.,1983),p.10.

(111)Ann Hughes,”Margaret Spufford,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy,Vol.18(Nov.,2019),p.369; R.I.Moore,”Anthony Fletcher,” in Helen Berry and Elizabeth Foyster eds.,The Family in Early Modern England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007,p.xii.

(112)伊格尔斯：《欧洲史学新方向》，赵世玲、赵世瑜译，华夏出版社1989年版，第191页。

(113)Raphael Samuel et al.,”What is Social History?” in Julie Gardiner ed.,What is History Today…?,p.55.

（本文系天津市高等学校人文社会科学研究项目“英国《维多利亚郡史》纂修研究”(2019SK031)阶段性成果。）

来源： 《史林》2020年第6期

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